Calculations show that a 20 degree increase in mean steepness of the terrain would increase puma DEE by less than 1% as they only spend a small proportion (10%) of their day travelling. Estimated daily energy expenditure (DEE) based on GPS-derived speeds of free-ranging pumas was 18.3 MJ day − 1 ± 0.2 SEM. Pumas also walked more slowly up steeper paths, thereby minimizing the energetic impact of vertical terrains.

Pumas negotiated steep terrain by traversing across hillsides (mean hill incline 17.2° ± 0.3 SEM mean path incline 7.3° ± 0.1 SEM). Incline walking resulted in a 42.0% ± 7.2 SEM increase in the costs of transport compared to level performance. These data were used to predict energetic costs of locomotor behaviours of free-ranging pumas equipped with GPS/accelerometer collars in California’s Santa Cruz Mountains. To examine locomotor costs of a large carnivorous mammal moving in mountainous habitats, the oxygen consumption of captive pumas ( Puma concolor) was measured during treadmill locomotion on level and incline (6.8°) surfaces. Consequently, changes in terrain associated with such moves may heighten energetic costs and effect the decline of populations in new localities.

The September PS Plus selection included Overcooked: All You Can Eat ! for PS5 as well as Hitman 2 and Predator: Hunting Grounds for PS4.Under current scenarios of climate change and habitat loss, many wild animals, especially large predators, are moving into novel energetically challenging environments.

Additionally, subscribers receive another trio of free games each month spanning the PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5 and PlayStation VR platforms. Accessing PlayStation's online multiplayer also typically requires a PS Plus subscription, with the exception of free-to-play games.įurthermore, PS Plus entitles players to a plethora of PlayStation games for free. At no additional charge, subscribers can download games from the PS Plus Collection, a group of 20 beloved PS4 titles including God of War, Bloodborne and The Last of Us: Remastered. Subscribers receive regular discounts on products in the PlayStation Store, occasional early access to upcoming games, and the option to download console software updates automatically. Related: PlayStation Fans Flood Best Buy, Standing In Line Overnight for a PS5įor the cost of its subscription, PS Plus provides PlayStation Network users with a handful of premium features.

Download steep cost